A Lesson Before Dying Essay

A Lesson Before Dying takes focalise in a sm alto catchher(pre noneinal) Louisiana Cajun community in the slow 1940s. In the falsehood, Jefferson, a young black man, is an unwitting party to a liquor store shoot out in which three man antecedent are killed being the solely survivor, he is convicted of a murder and sentenced to death. To deliver this figment Gaines displays respectable literary devices standardised setting, t integrity, and characterization on that pointfore encourage I as the reader feel the emotions of Jefferson from his point of view.In the initial setting of the novel, Jefferson sits in a court of police force located in country-bred Louisiana, which is filled with anger, tension, isolation, and quietness from the people in the room. This setting of the book moderates Jeffersons personality in chapter nine when Jeffersons character is introduced. Jeffersons cellph adeptular telephonephone could be considered the second setting or Jeffersons set ting in the book. Jeffersons relationship to the courtroom (initial setting) supports Jeffersons personality in the prison.He is dislocated just like in the courtroom. at that put down was an empty cell between Jefferson and the rest of the prisoners (Gaines 71). Jeffersons cell was not only isolated like a courtroom in rural Louisiana, that quiet. Jeffersons been quiet . . . He didnt answer (Gaines 71). Due to Jeffersons isolation and quietness, he has built anger inside. An anger which had been building up since the courtroom conviction. Nothing dont matter, he said looking up at the ceiling.The inaugural setting of the novel is similar to Jeffersons cell setting. The three settings The courtrooms, location and clock time era of the town, and prison all restrain similarities to Jeffersons character traits. The court trial scene embodies boththing that is contained within the novel. every(prenominal) events that occur throughout the inviolate novel are a recoil of Jeffers ons court slip of paper. These circumstances set up the tone that is scarce perceived throughout the novel. Gaines tone in the novel shifts as the novel progresses.Gaines do the novel begin with a pessimism view everything seemed awful and disallow especially the court trial. Gaines shows us this disgust tone by impressive us the details of the jury members. The twelve white jury members of the case shows us that Jefferson felt dominated by the whites. As the novel goes on Gaines tone shifts and Jefferson seems more aware and confident, the anger and disgust diminishes the course of studylong Jefferson sits in toss away.The twelve white jury members were also Gaines way of showing the dominance, and power of the whites during this ime, only mentation that blacks are only good for working, and is incapable of thinking for themselves Do you see a modicum of intelligence? A trait inherited from his ancestors in the deepest jungle of blackest Africa What you see here is a thin g that acts on command. (Gaines7). Understanding this time era is important for the tone, and Gaines gives good examples representing the era to the tone. Gainess style is unique because the figurative language that he uses improves the readers mental picture.For example, when Gaines was describing shed Emma at the beginning of the novel he says she became as immobile as a great stone or as one of our oak cypress stumps(Gaines 36). This allowed me as the reader to picture Miss Emma and the condition that she is in with a mental image throughout the entire novel. He also used figurative language fleck he describes in chapter fourteen the Louisiana Countryside. Gaines told in great detail the burial site appearance as Grant walked through and then explain the smells and feelings he has while Grant explores the Sugar Cane Planation with Vivian.The literary devices were greatly arrange to use by Gaines to explain, and portray his novel to any reader. He has made a novel enjoyable fo r an audience that may not like reading due to his sarcasm (tone), and figurative language to set up numerous scenes. The settings are a main building block for this novel because the court room and the jail cell is when the story line is dictate together. Each trial, and everyday described by Gaines about Jefferson in jail puts the novel together into one amazing novel that I pass on be sure to recommend.A Lesson Before Dying EssayThe sparing downswing of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the study Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since field War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn pull up stakes result in a change of how law enforcement work are delivered.As has been discussed by the COPS Office Director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the Community Policing send o ff, expectations will not be lowered just because an manner now has fewer officers, or because the figure is limited. Simply doing less while waiting for local ciphers to call up to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. fair play enforcement leaders are faced with cipher contractions that are in neediness to identified in different ways to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, articulate what the new public safety models will look like to their communities (Melekian 2011a).The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next 510 years, or worse, permanently. These changes could be permanently driven not just by the economy, but by local government officials who determined that allocating 3050 pct of their general fund budgets for public safety costs is no longer a fiscal possibility (Melekian 2011b). While it appears that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdi ctions are assuage in decline and will continue to be so, at to the lowest degree in the short term.Due to the decline of tax revenues because of Fore settlements County and municipal budgets range lagging behind the general economy, which is one of the main source of financing for local agencies. Agencies are also faced with the budget realities, the current model for service deliverywhich has been with us for the last 50 yearsis already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 35 years. Police surgical incisions beat been one of the affected by the current economic climate.Restricting revenues nationwide begin forced local governments to make cuts in spending across the board, which has affected everything to include public safety operating budgets. However, while these budget cuts are threatening law enforcement jobs the responsibility to serve and protect remain. There has been no methodical way of measuring the ef fect the economic downturn has had on police agencies across our nation. A good example is how Nigeria has been experiencing hard-foughties in figure implementation.The objective of the article was to present alternative forms of budgeting and after exposition on them, to recommend one that could mitigate budget implementation business for Nigeria. Two types of budgeting ringed are incremental and zero-base. Under incremental budgeting, a certain percentage is added or subtracted from previous periods figures to get to at new periods budget. Under zero bases, every program is reevaluated for its merits, as if previous budgets never existed. The starting points are the results hoped to acquire, and every debate about budget implementation is done prior to passage.postal code base budgeting is analogous to makeeting concept in terms of entropy requirement and zeroing in on customized needs. To the extent that zero base budgeting plans, executes and controls, it serves as a wa y tool. Nigerias budgeting has been incremental, overly politicized and not carried out by experts, but merely based on benchmark price and quota of day-after-day oil production. Factors militating against proper budgeting in Nigeria are distortions in fiscal transparency. Budget implementation in Nigeria is a critical problem.Many have blessed our poor socio-economic and infrastructural development on low degree of budget implementation, which is a result of incremental budgeting process. The paper therefore recommends zero based budgeting to Nigeria at all levels (GJSS, 2012). Sometimes inefficiencies result due to poor integration of the pay and strategy. Budgeting and performance are typically overseen by the finance discussion section, whereas supply s coordinated by strategy department. Often, the two processes arent well integrated,resulting in strategies that are often dictated by the budget process quite of vice versa (Gary 2003). The reason for this could be that eve ryone involved may be attempting to reach out the same goals, but also trying to make sure that the yield will be beneficial to them, such as a pregnant bonus or a reward. A budget cycle refers to the hale process from the commencement of developing a budget to the execution of the utmost charge on the budget. Since the majority of the budgets are prepared for a one year period, budget cycles cover the costs and expenditures for a period of one year.However, there are budget cycles that run for more than one year period. Government budgets have a budget cycle of at least 18 months from the conception of the assorted departments budgets to the time the appropriation bills are subscribe into law (Hyde, 2001). The initial notes of the budget cycle take place in the various departments and agencies. The program officers in the various departments compile all information that is necessary in the preparation of the budget. The budget cycle culminates with the chairwomans budget ap plication to the Congress.This often takes place in February (USDOJ, 2011). A budget refers to a list of premeditated revenues and expenses. It represents a tool for nest egg and expenditure. A budget flowerpot also be defined as an brass sectional plan that is stated in monetary terms. It is used as a road map for conducting the activities, objectives, assumptions, and strategies of an organization. A budget cycle is comprised of various stages. Budget planning for the new fiscal year attach the first step of the budget cycle, while closing and carry forward activities mark the end of a budget cycle (Hyde, 2001).The steps outlined under are steps of a sample governments budget cycle Budget submissions this entails the submission of the budget plans to the respective Budget Offers in various government departments. The budgets are reviewed and approved. Budget approval this entails the executive deputation approving the budget. The Initial Budget Authorizations are then submit ted to the respective supervisors who address the respective cost items. world-wide Changes the salaries are adjusted so that they speculate salary increases that are permitted by the Salary Subcommittee and the Human Resources Department.Closing this entails the closure of the budgets at the end of the fiscal year. Carry forwards it entails carrying forward all the unspent money to the following fiscal year. This marks the last step in the budget cycle. In most instances, law enforcement management prepares reach budget for the coming year. The master budget includes the projected expenses and maintenance which is incorporated in the master budget and other smaller budgets such as training, overtime, marketing, administrative, and departmental budgets.By establishing an operating and financial budget for a time to come period, management bay window identify problems in advance. This stub be kept up(p) by forecasting for prospective predictions. A forecast is a coefficient o f reflection of the future. When forecasting is taken into account, two key aspects to consider are specie budgets and expenditure forecast. In most instances, budgets are and should be prepared for a future period such as an oncoming accounting or financial year. They are detailed by quarters or months. Typically, annual budgets are not altered once the year begins.However, budgets should not be rigid so as to prevent timely actions if need arises. Instead, budgets should only act as a guide rather than a restriction. However, there are rare circumstances when an annual budget should be rewrite such as due to a radical change in the business environment. Budgets are also important for obtaining funding since they portray an organizations capacity to the lending institutions and financiers. Additionally, budgets are important management tools, they aid in setting milestones that need accountability to achieve, and aid an organization in identifying risks and establishing benchmar ks.Thus, budgets facilitate the process of making adjustments to avoid risks, and to measure the benchmarks. Understanding the significance of budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. It plays a earthshaking position in the strategic planning process by an organization. It outlines the future financial goals and needs of an organization such as technological needs, crash needs, financial requirements, and capital improvements. I have a very sozzled opinion that budgeting should not be scrapped, rather be modified to advert the current business environment.Organizations would have to restructure compensation programs so that managers no longer have an incentive to favors short-term goals over the longer-term. Budgeting will have to be flexible to be able to be adjusted from time to time to reflect changes in organizational goals and the economic environment. Again, accounting department should be responsible for compiling only budget information the y should not determine the budgeting process. Management, through the planning process should determine the budget, and all departments should be included in the process. Budgeting should be both top down and riddle up i.e. upper level management and middle level management will both work to finalize a budget. We can contour the budgeting process by developing a financial model. Financial models can facilitate what if analysis so we can assess decisions before they are made. This can dramatically improve the budgeting process. One of the biggest repugns within financial planning and budgeting is how do we make it value-added. Budgeting requires clear channels of communication, support from upper-level management, community from various personnel, and predictive characteristics.Budgeting should not strive for accuracy, but should strive to support the decision making process. If we focus too much on accuracy, we will end-up with a budgeting process that incurs time and costs in e xcess of the benefits derived. The challenge is to make financial planning a value-added activity that helps the organization achieve its strategic goals and objectives. In order for department to compensate for dwindling budget, numerous law enforcement officer have had to learn how to focus on what can they can sacrifice from their normal lifestyle in order to get-go the lessening in available spending.Some of these sacrifices have included families antedate summer vacations, or shopping in discount stores instead of department stores they are accustomed too. However, today law enforcement agencies are faced with the difficult task of maintaining the same service that their communities expect despite the extreme reduction in available resources. And, in order for them to deliver the same towering level of protection and emergency responsiveness that the communities depend on, law enforcement agencies mustiness find new and inventive techniques to address those needs in cost- effective and maintainable way.Agencies must have a good understanding of how budgeting marks the first step towards successful financial planning. Budgeting has a significant role in the strategic planning process by any organization. It provides the theoretical account for future financial goals and the needs of an organization such as skillful equipment like laptops, radios, and side arms. It also shows the overhead needs, and departmental financial requirements. It can also outline the costs involved in order to get the resources that are required to meet their financial goals. Developing abudget is an important tool for determining the departments performance, in motivation the upper-management, other members of staff, and measuring the results towards accomplishing the organizations financial goal. References Gary, L (2003) good luck the Budget Impasse. Pg 3, Retrieved September 30, 2013, Idio, U. S. (2012). THE BUDGET AS A MANAGEMENT animate being ZERO BASE BUDGETING, PAN ACEA TO BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA. Global Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1036581432? accountid=32521 http//www. cops. usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact. pdf Melekian, B. , (2011a). Directors Message. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 3. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/03-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Melekian, B. , (2011b). Directors Column July 2011. Community Policing Dispatch vol. 4, no. 7. http//cops. usdoj. gov/html/dispatch/07-2011/DirectorMessage. asp. Wiseman, J. , (2011). Strategic Cutback Management Law Enforcement leaders for Lean Times. Research for Practice, Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 232077.